One of the spies of Siddi Jauhar noticed the party and he ran to inform Siddi Jauhar of this escape. [64] This was followed by raids in Junnar, with Shivaji carrying off 300,000 hun in cash and 200 horses. He reached Aurangabad in January 1660, before marching further to Ahmednagar, so that he could encamp at a deserted mud fort in Supa (on 25 February). On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram was installed on the throne. [167] Shivaji is upheld as an example by the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party, and also of the Maratha caste dominated Congress parties in Maharashtra, such as the Indira Congress and the Nationalist Congress Party. This second coronation on 24 September 1674 had a dual use, mollifying those who still believed that Shivaji was not qualified for the Vedic rites of his first coronation, by performing … He organized a commanding and disciplined navy, including 200 warships, to keep the coastline of his empire secured from the Portuguese, British, Dutch, Siddis and Mughals, thereby earning the title ‘Father of Indian Navy’. Shivaji’s mother, Jijabai was the daughter of Lakhuji Jadhavrao of Sindkhed. A respected scholar, Sarkar was able to read primary sources in Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but was challenged for his criticism of the "chauvinism" of Marathi historians' views of Shivaji. Shivaji established a competent and progressive civil rule with well-structured administrative organisations. In September 1671, Shivaji sent an ambassador to Bombay, again seeking materiel, this time for the fight against Danda-Rajpuri. Shivaji's mother Jijabai died on 18 June 1674. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat to Ahmed Shah Abdali of the Afghan Durrani Empire, which halted their imperial expansion in northwestern India. He sent for his son-in-law Siddi Masood. [151][full citation needed] While some accounts of Shivaji state that he was greatly influenced by the Brahmin guru Samarth Ramdas, others have said that Ramdas' role has been over-emphasised by later Brahmin commentators to enhance their position. He named the Ashta Pradhan (council of ministers) according to Sanskrit nomenclature, with terms such as nyaayaadheesha, and senaapati, and commissioned the political treatise Raajya Vyavahaara Kosha. At that time, Shivaji was put up at Panhala fort, along with his troops, near Kolhapur. Mohammed Adil Shah next sent a larger army under the command of General Rustam Zaman who faced Shivaji in the Battle of Kolhapur. [147], With the Marathas being accustomed to a land-based military, Shivaji widened his search for qualified crews for his ships, taking on lower-caste Hindus of the coast who were long familiar with naval operations (the famed "Malabar pirates") as well as Muslim mercenaries. He was attacked by the army of Adilshah’s general, Siddi Jauhar, while camping at Panhala Fort, near present-day Kolhapur, in 1660, but Shivaji escape to Vishalgad fort to regroup his large army for a battle. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged Panhala on 2 March 1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. Sambhaji was also restored as a Mughal mansabdar with 5,000 horses. The Marathas remained the pre-eminent power in India until their defeat by the British in the Second and Third Anglo-Maratha wars (1805–1818), which left the Company the dominant power in most of India.[126][127]. Shivaji’s mother, Jijabai was the daughter of Lakhuji Jadhavrao of Sindkhed. ... Siddi Jauhar, while camping at Panhala Fort, near present-day Kolhapur, in 1660, but Shivaji escape to Vishalgad fort to regroup his large army for a battle. She is strong, level-headed and righteous. [117], In late March 1680, Shivaji fell ill with fever and dysentery,[118] dying around 3–5 April 1680 at the age of 52,[119] on the eve of Hanuman Jayanti. He also took the title of Haindava Dharmodhhaarak (protector of the Hindu faith). His father Shahajiraje Bhosale was a prominent sardar in the Deccan. His father Shahajiraje Bhosale was a prominent sardar in the Deccan. For Siddi Jauhar guarded the fort from below. At its peak, the Maratha empire stretched from Tamil Nadu[124] in the south, to Peshawar (modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) in the north, and Bengal. However, Sambhaji took possession of Raigad Fort after killing the commander, and on 18 June acquired control of Raigad, and formally ascended the throne on 20 July. Following public outcry from Pune intellectuals, Congress leader T. R. Deogirikar noted that Nehru had admitted he was wrong regarding Shivaji, and now endorsed Shivaji as great nationalist. Phule sought to use the Shivaji myths to undermine the Brahmins he accused of hijacking the narrative, and uplift the lower classes; his 1869 ballad-form story of Shivaji was met with great hostility by the Brahmin-dominated media. [37] The Maratha Firangoji Narsala, who held the Chakan fort, professed his loyalty to Shivaji, and the fort of Kondana was acquired by bribing the Bijapuri governor. Despite being a devoted Hindu, he showed great respect to all religions, including Islam and Christianity, and was unbiased towards other castes and communities. While some Brahmins rebutted this identity, defining them as of the lower shudra varna, other Brahmins recognised the Marathas' utility to the Indian independence movement, and endorsed this kshatriya legacy and the significance of Shivaji. Besides the Deccan, he also brought a number of provinces in South India under his reign. Jijabai Shahaji Bhosale aka Rajmata Jijabai was Chhatrapati Shivaji’s mother and is regarded as Maharashtra’s ideal daughter-in-law, wife and mother. His studies of the Hindu epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, also influenced his lifelong defence of Hindu values. Then he was invested by Gaga Bhatta with the sacred thread. [112] Proceeding south, Shivaji seized the forts of Vellore and Gingee;[113] the latter would later serve as a capital of the Marathas during the reign of his son Rajaram I. The Government of Maharashtra accepts 19 February 1630 as his birthdate; other suggested dates include 6 April 1627 or other dates near this day. His conflicts with the Mughal Empire resulted in the seizure of Pune, though he was later suppressed by the Mughal army, forcing him to sign the Treaty of Purandar and surrender a large number of his fortresses, followed by his arrest upon being invited at Agra. Shaista Khan, with his better–equipped and –provisioned army of 80,000 seized Pune. [citation needed], In 1993, the Illustrated Weekly published an article suggesting that Shivaji was not opposed to Muslims per se, and was influenced by their form of governance. His Rajpurohit, Keshav Pandit, was himself a Sanskrit scholar and poet. [62], Until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful relations with the Mughal Empire. Backed by his Maratha sardar Baji Prabhu Deshpande, who wounded himself while holding back the army at the Battle of Pavan Khind, he reached Vishalgad safely, resulting in a truce between him and Adilshah in July 1660. Siddi’s soldiers laid siege to the fort for about 5 months. But how? [87], Shivaji sent a displeased letter to Prataprao, refusing him audience until Bahlol Khan was re-captured. The English sent Lieutenant Stephen Ustick to treat with Shivaji, but negotiations failed over the issue of the Rajapur indemnity. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged Panhala in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. [citation needed] He was recognized as a great national hero during the Indian Independence Movement. [10]:23 Having recovered from an illness, and taking advantage of a conflict between the Afghans and Bijapur, Shivaji raided Athani in April 1676. The ruler at the time was Ali Adil Shah II. [77] Popular legend says that Shivaji smuggled himself and his son out of the house in large baskets, claimed to be sweets to be gifted to religious figures in the city. His father Shahajiraje Bhosale was a prominent sardar in the Deccan. Shivaji Bhonsale was born on 19 February 1630, at Shivneri, a hill fort near Junnar, Pune, into a family of Maratha bureaucrats, to Shahji Bhonsale, a Maratha general in the army of the Bijapur Sultanate, and Jijabai. A kingly title could address this and also prevent any challenges by other Maratha leaders, to whom he was technically equal. [33][b], In 1645, the 15-year-old Shivaji bribed or persuaded Inayat Khan, the Bijapuri commander of the Torna Fort, to hand over possession of the fort to him. [48][49], The two met in a hut at the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. [172] Purandare has, on the other end, been accused of a communalist and anti-Muslim portrayal of Shivaji at odds with the king's own actions. He crowned himself as the king of the Maratha kingdom and took upon the title Kshatriya Kulavantas Simhasanadheeshwar Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, https://moralstories.wordpress.com/2006/07/25/story-of-heeraakaanii/, http://www.foundmyself.com/prem%20bhavsar/art/shivaji-maharj-the-copy-of-duch-artist-sketch/89539, http://fineartamerica.com/featured/shivaji-the-great-pritesh-shinde.html, https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-history/shivaji.html, https://www.thebetterindia.com/147177/news-history-letter-shivaji-coronation-satara/, http://ddnews.gov.in/people/birth-anniversary-great-maratha-king-chhatrapati-shivaji-being-celebrated, https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/chhatrapati-shivaji-jayanti-vp-venkaiah-naidu-pm-modi-congresss-rahul-gandhi-pay-tributes/1071151/. [165], In 1966, the Shiv Sena (Army of Shivaji) party formed to promote the interests of Marathi speaking people in the face of migration to Maharashtra from other parts of India, and the accompanying loss of power for locals. [132] [22] His mother was Jijabai, the daughter of Lakhuji Jadhavrao of Sindhkhed, a Mughal-aligned sardar claiming descent from a Yadav royal family of Devagiri. Siddi Jauhar's army lay siege on … [169], In the late 20th century, Babasaheb Purandare became one of the most significant artists in portraying Shivaji in his writings, leading him to be declared in 1964 as the Shiv-Shahir ("Bard of Shivaji"). [88], Shivaji had acquired extensive lands and wealth through his campaigns, but lacking a formal title he was still technically a Mughal zamindar or the son of a Bijapuri jagirdar, with no legal basis to rule his de facto domain. However, in the court, on 12 May 1666, Aurangzeb made Shivaji stand behind mansabdārs (military commanders) of his court. After two months, Afzal Khan sent an envoy to Shivaji suggesting the two leaders meet in private outside the fort to parley. But to oppress ants and flies is not at all valour nor spirit. Shivaji took offence and stormed out of court,[76] and was promptly placed under house arrest under the watch of Faulad Khan, Kotwal of Agra. The couple had two children – daughter Balibai and son Rajaram. "[143] The historian Jadunath Sarkar assessed that Shivaji owned some 240–280 forts at the time of his death. He was ill-treated by Aurangzeb at his court and offended. Mother Jijabai. Still, some enemy soldiers Siddi Jauhar by a clever ruse. With the end of the Treaty of Purandar in 1670, he attacked the Mughal forces in Maharashtra and re-captured the forts he had surrendered to them. While the fort was seized, Malusare died and hence, the fort was renamed Sinhagad. [178][179], Commemorations of Shivaji are found throughout India, most notably in Maharashtra. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged Panhala in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. [41][42]In addition to the Bhonsale and the More families, many others including Sawant of Sawantwadi, Ghorpade of Mudhol, Nimbalkar of Phaltan, Shirke, Mane and Mohite also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, many with Deshmukhi rights. [61][page needed], In the ensuing Battle of Pavan Khind, the smaller Maratha force held back the larger enemy to buy time for Shivaji to escape. [citation needed] Angered by the renewed attacks, the Mughals resumed hostilities with the Marathas, sending a force under Daud Khan to intercept Shivaji on his return home from Surat, but were defeated in the Battle of Vani-Dindori near present-day Nashik. At that time, Shivaji was encamped at … Marathas were rewarded accordingly. [150], Shivaji was well known for his strong religious and warrior code of ethics and exemplary character. [71], The attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat enraged Aurangzeb. Shivaji secured victory in a strategic battle causing the general to flee for his life. [123], Shahu, a grandson of Shivaji and son of Sambhaji, was kept prisoner by Aurangzeb during the 27-year period conflict. Scholars disagree on his date of birth. Soon after his death, in 1681, Aurangzeb launched an offensive in the South to capture territories held by the Marathas, the Bijapur based Adilshahi and Qutb Shahi of Golkonda respectively. [166], In modern times, Shivaji is considered as a national hero in India, especially in the state of Maharashtra, where he remains arguably the greatest figure in the state's history. He died in April 1680 at Raigad Fort, after suffering from fever and dysentery for three weeks. According to legend, Jijabai named him ‘Shiva’ after the Goddess Shivai, to whom she had begged for a son. Shivaji quickly raided Bardez in which three Portuguese Catholic priests and a few Christians were killed and stopped the forceful conversion of Hindus. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged Panhala in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. He was brought up by his mother and his administrator, Dadoji Konddeo, who taught him horse riding, archery, marksmanship, patta and other fighting techniques after his father left for Karnataka with his second wife, Tukabai. [22], Shivaji was devoted to his mother Jijabai, who was deeply religious. The arrangements had dictated that each come armed only with a sword, and attended by one follower. Brought up under the able guidance of his mother and his father’s administrator, Dadoji Konddeo, he became a brave and powerful warrior, with military training in various fighting techniques. [163] Likewise, though supporters cheered his depiction of the killing of Afzal Khan as justified, they decried Sarkar's terming as "murder" the killing of the Hindu raja Chandrao More and his clan. Shivaji’s mother, Jijabai was the daughter of Lakhuji Jadhavrao of Sindkhed. Having made peace with the Mughals, ceding them six forts, he went to serve the Sultanate of Bijapur. [120], After Shivaji's death, Soyarabai made plans with various ministers of the administration to crown her son Rajaram rather than her stepson Sambhaji. [110][111] His appeal was somewhat successful, and in 1677 Shivaji visited Hyderabad for a month and entered into a treaty with the Qutubshah of the Golkonda sultanate, agreeing to reject his alliance with Bijapur and jointly oppose the Mughals. The Sultan had a foster mother, by name Uliya Begum. He wrote: In strict justice, the Jizya is not at all lawful. Though Soyarabai initially succeeded in crowning her son, Rajaram, as the next king, but Sambhaji captured Raigad Fort and ascended the throne in July 1680. Council of Eight Ministers or Ashta Pradhan Mandal, was an administrative and advisory council set up by Shivaji. [138], Shivaji was contemptuously called a "Mountain Rat" by Aurangzeb and his generals because of his guerilla tactics of attacking enemy forces and then retreating into his mountain forts. [170][171] However, Purandare, a Brahmin, was also accused of over-emphasising the influence of Brahmin gurus on Shivaji,[168] and his Maharashtra Bhushan award ceremony in 2015 was protested by those claiming he had defamed Shivaji. The Government of Maharashtra lists 19 February as a holiday commemorating Shivaji's birth (Shivaji Jayanti). There was a time when Shivaji was trapped for nearly four months upon Siddi Jauhar surrounding Panhala fort. [32] As early as 1645, the teenage Shivaji expressed his concept for Hindavi Swarajya (Indian self-rule), in a letter. [177] This lifting was followed by public demonstrations against the author and the decision of the Supreme Court. In the meanwhile Shivaji came to the decision that he should few himself from this encirclements. 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